Discover the transformative combination of psychotherapy, olfaction, and hypnosis. This unique approach offers a path to inner peace and calmness. In this blog post, we delve into how this blend can enhance your well-being. Let’s explore this harmonious trio and its potential to bring serenity to your life.
History of Olfaction
In the 13th century, olfaction as a phenomena is not yet understood.
In the 18th century, Lorenzo Magalotti (1637-1712), famous perfumer studies the olfactory correlation between weak and strong odours.
In 1813, Ludvig Jacobson, Danish physician, publishes the first description of the vomero-nasal organ.
In 1852, F. Leydig is the first to observe the olfactory bulb and its structures. He discovers that only one category of neurons (mitral cells) interposes between receptor cells and cortical cells.
In 1856, Max Schultze identifies several categories of cells that he describes with precision. He discovers that some of these cells feature very thin cilia. His experiments were done on frogs and birds.
In 1865, Septimus Piesse defines odors as specific vibrations affecting the olfactory system the same way colors are perceived by sight and sounds by hearing.
In 1866, W. Krause and A. von Brunns discover human being’s olfactory cell cilia.
In 1882, William Ramsay confirmed Septimum Piesse’s work, which in his time was received with scorn by scientific circles.
A few years later, Haycraft will also confirm these works.
In 1899, Vaschilde and Van Melle state the vibratory theory of the sense of smell. They confirm that smell does not come from a direct contact between detached particles of the odoriferous bodies and the terminations of the olfactory nerves, but from an indirect signal, by rays of short undulations, analogous but not similar to those of light and heat.
In 1955, Kalmus affirms that, although different regions of the body smell differently, a person’s odor is so distinct that dogs can identify it by merely sniffing a part of the body.
In 1959, Karlson and Luscher, discover sexual pheromones.
In 1963 Engen and Lipsitt discover the reaction of newborns to odors.They record some motor, respiratory and cardiac changes.
Two years later, they prove babies of less than two weeks orient themselves automatically toward maternal odors.
In 1963, Fiorino Papi and Hans G. Wallraff study the olfactory behavior of birds.
In 1964 and 1965, G. Bloom, A.J. de Lorenzo and T.S. Reese discover that cilia carry olfactory receptors.
In 1965, Poeck starts research on the influence of the olfactory sense on the limbic system.
In 1972, Ohloff discovers the smelling power difference between identical molecules.
In 1972, Pascal Poindron and Fred. Levy Inra de Nouzilly experiments on olfactory marking on female sheep.
In 1972, Johannes Muller and E. Aronsohn, Zwaardemaker through their different experiments prove that olfaction could
take place in a liquid environment, without the help of air
In 1972, Gower confirms men give out stronger odors than women.
In 1973, Engen and Ross state odors remain longer in memory than pictures.
In 1974, Nicolaides and Thomas demonstrate every person has their own odor, their own chemical signature. At the olfactory level as well as at the immunological level, every human being is unique.
In 1974, Brooksbank et al. confirm Gower’s research and prove men give out stronger odors than women because they also have bigger apocrine glands that excrete a large quantity of steroids with a very similar structure to testosterone.
In 1974, Kaplan and Russel note that the odor of milk has a calming effect on the child.
They performed their experiments on monkeys that become excited when they are separated from their mother and calm down in her presence.
In 1975, Mac Farlane is interested in the attraction of the newborn by the odor of maternal milk.
In 1976 Hong and Townes as well as Passman look for substitute odors for maternal milk.
In 1976 E.A. Boyse, K. Yamazaki and G.K. Beauchamp present the hypothesis of a connection between the immunity system and the olfactory system.
G.K. Beauchamp also conducts research on pheromones.
In 1976, Dimond presents the hypothesis that positive emotions are mainly given out by the left hemisphere of the brain and the negative emotions are given out by the right one.
In 1976 Claus and Alsing discover androstenone and androstenol in pigs.
In 1976, Russel is interested in the newborn’s attraction by their mother’s odor.
In 1977, Russel, Hold, Schleidt and Wallace’s experiments
prove that human beings can recognize one another by their odors.
In 1977 Brown and Kulik describe as “flashbulb memory” the fact, that odors can revive passed situations.
In 1977 Izard confirms the fact that mood changes provoke changes of the neuro-psychological state of the patient and lead to behavioral consequences.
In 1979 Claus and Hoppen detect the presence of androstenone and androstenol in certain plants (ex: celery).
In 1980, Schaal confirms the instinctive attraction of the newborn by the odor of maternal milk.
In 1980 Stanjek is interested in the maternal substitution by objects chosen by the child: a cuddly bear, a toy…
In 1980 Kirk – Smith and Booth apply some androstenone (pheromone) to a chair in a dentist’s waiting room and note that men have the tendency to move away from it but that women prefer it.
In 1981 Claus et al. confirm the presence of androstenone and androstenol in truffles, the reason why it provokes a pig’s sexual attraction.
In 1981, Restak continues research on the connection between the olfactory sense and the limbic system.
In 1981, Werner and Lipsitt explain non-verbal communicative connection between mother and child.
In 1983, Tisserand demonstrates the majority of plants used in medicine are fragrant and that each fragrance provokes a different effect. Mint and lavender accelerate salivation; camphor and cinnamon stimulate intestinal function while some fragrances stimulate vasodilatation or constriction of the vascular system.
In 1983 Schiffman studies anosmia and begins his research on the improvement of senior’s olfactory systems, most of which are affected by anosmia
In 1983, Russel and in 1984, Schiefenhovel, are both
conducting research on maternal substitution and the important place objects such as toys and teddy bears take in the child’s security needs.
In 1984, Davidson confirms Dimond’s discoveries about positive emotions emanating from the left hemisphere of the brain.
In 1984, Albone proves the importance of chemical communication in the life of mammals. He also conducts research on pheromones.
In 1985, Brown and Macdonald confirm olfactive communication is used by humans as well as by animals to send information.
In 1986, the works of Engen prove the olfactory sense is the most important sense in human behavior.
In 1986, Koster bases his research on pheromones: androstenone and androstenol, the first being a sign of masculinity,
the second of femininity.
In 1987, Preti also dedicates himself to research on androstenone and androstenol.
In 1987, Kirk – Smith and Booth rediscover the soothing properties of scents.
In 1987, Howes studies the connection between olfaction and social transition and especially all odors used in “rituals of passage”.
In 1988, Stoddart confirms the olfactory sense has decreased with the evolution of the civilization. As it is used less and less the sense regresses.
In 1988 Gervaises confirms the influence of the olfactory
sense on the limbic system.
In 1988, Schiffman and Warwick confirm we can improve
senior’s lives by using fragrances.
In 1989, Makin and Porter confirm newborns have a phyto-genetic reflex of adaptation to help them survive, solely based on their olfactory sense.
In 1990, Badia confirms the effectiveness of fragrances on sleep.
In 1990, Stodalart receives funding for his research on pheromones.
In 1991 Averies researches the connection between fragrance and the specific olfactory receptor.
In 1991 Linda Buck and Richard Axel discover similarities between olfactory receptor proteins and retina photoreceptor proteins.
In 1992, Linda Buck and Richard Axel discover the olfactory genome of the sensory mucus cells.
In 1992, Parmentier discovers identical receptors on sexual cells. Several researchers discover identical receptors (RNA) in most organs at an embryonic stage of the organism’s development.
In 1988, Schall presents the hypothesis that the olfactory sense of newborns would be more acute that of adults.
In 1988, Van Toller proves olfaction has more important connections with the limbic system and the hypothalamus
(heart of the emotion) than hearing and sight
It is so important to know that the heart, the pancreas, the liver, the lungs, the uterus and the brain contain such receptors.
In 1994, P. Pelosi studies olfactory binding proteins (OBP).
In 1998, Dreyer confirms the hypothesis of a cellular recognition function of olfactory receptors. The olfactory system contains some young neurons, constantly in search of targets, while organs have receptors that allow them the mutual recognition of cells in migration.
In 1998 and in 1999 Bensafi et al., J. Degel and E.P Koster discover the infra-conscious messages of odors and the anxiety-provoking powers of odor. Koster, olfactory psychology specialist defends the hypothesis that olfactory mental imagery exists.
In 1998 Schmidt and Beauchamp confirm the hypothesis that Schall had presented in 1988: newborns have an olfactory
system much more acute than that of adults.
In 2004, the Nobel Price of Medicine is offered to Richard Axel and Linda Buck for their works on olfaction and in particular their discovery of a family of one thousand genes involved in the production of a large variety of proteins able to detect specific odors. About 3% of human genes play a role in the production of olfactory receptors.
In 2012, Foletti A et al. and J Altern experiment on electromagnetic information transfer of a specific molecule through the aqueous system of two human cellular models.